Keras Implementation of VGG16 Architecture from Scratch with Dogs Vs Cat Data Set

Introduction

In this tutorial, we are going to see the Keras implementation of VGG16 architecture from scratch. VGG16 is a convolutional neural network architecture that was the runners up in the 2014 ImageNet challenge (ILSVR) with 92.7% top-5 test accuracy over a dataset of 14 million images belonging to 1000 classes. Although it finished runners up it went on to become quite a popular mainstream image classification model and is considered as one of the best image classification architecture.

In our Keras implementation of VGG16 architecture, we will use the well-known Dogs Vs Cats dataset from Kaggle. Moreover, we will use Google Colab to run our model on the GPU for fast training.

Dogs Vs Cats Kaggle Dataset

VGG16 Keras Implementation - Dogs vs Cats Dataset
Dogs vs Cats Dataset

Dogs Vs Cats is a popular dataset from Kaggle which is often used for introductory lessons of Convolutional Neural Network. This dataset contains 25,000 images of dogs and cats for training a classification model.

Setting up Google Colab

Google Colab is an online cloud platform for training deep learning models that can be powered by GPU. The free plan of Google Colab allows you to train the deep learning model for up to 12 hrs before the runtime disconnects. You have to select runtime as GPU before launching the Jupyter notebook as shown below –
Google Colab GPU Runtime
Google Colab GPU Runtime

We have uploaded the dataset on our google drive and before we can use it from Colab we need to mount the google drive directory on our runtime environment as shown below. This command will generate a URL on which you need to click, authenticate our Google drive account and copy the authorization key over here and press enter.

In [1]:
from google.colab import drive
drive.mount('/content/gdrive')

Go to this URL in a browser: https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth?client_id=947318989803-6bn6qk8qdgf4n4g3pfee6491hc0brc4i.apps.googleusercontent.com&redirect_uri=urn%3aietf%3awg%3aoauth%3a2.0%3aoob&response_type=code&scope=email%20https%3a%2f%2fwww.googleapis.com%2fauth%2fdocs.test%20https%3a%2f%2fwww.googleapis.com%2fauth%2fdrive%20https%3a%2f%2fwww.googleapis.com%2fauth%2fdrive.photos.readonly%20https%3a%2f%2fwww.googleapis.com%2fauth%2fpeopleapi.readonly

Enter your authorization code:
··········
Mounted at /content/gdrive

Now that we have set up the Google Colab let us start with the actual building of the Keras implementation of VGG16 image classification architecture.

VGG16 Keras Implementation

VGG16 Transfer Learning Approach

Deep Convolutional Neural networks may take days to train and require lots of computational resources. So to overcome this we will use Transfer Learning for implementing VGG16 with Keras.

Transfer learning is a technique whereby a deep neural network model that was trained earlier on a similar problem is leveraged to create a new model at hand. One or more layers from the already trained model are used in the new model. We will go through more details in a subsequent section below.

Importing libraries and setting up GPU

In [2]:
import cv2
import numpy as np
import os
from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
from keras.layers import Dense,Flatten,Conv2D,Activation,Dropout
from keras import backend as K
import keras
from keras.models import Sequential, Model
from keras.models import load_model
from keras.optimizers import SGD
from keras.callbacks import EarlyStopping,ModelCheckpoint
from keras.layers import MaxPool2D
from google.colab.patches import cv2_imshow
The below code is used to select GPUs –
In [3]:
K.tensorflow_backend._get_available_gpus()
[‘/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0’]

Define training and testing path of dataset

It is necessary to put the images of both classes of dog and cat in separate subfolders under train and test folder like below –
Dog-vs-Cat-Train-Test-Folder
Required Folder Structure
In [4]:
train_path="/content/gdrive/My Drive/datasets/train"
test_path="/content/gdrive/My Drive/datasets/test"
class_names=os.listdir(train_path)
class_names_test=os.listdir(test_path)
Let us verify the class names of folders by printing them.
In [5]:
print(class_names)
print(class_names_test)
['cat', 'dog']
['Cat', 'Dog']
Reading sample Images
Let us just read a couple of random images for the data set to see what types of images we have. The use of cv2.imshow is disabled in Colab because it causes Jupyter sessions to crash, so as a substitution, we are using cv2_imshow().
In [6]:
#Sample datasets images
image_dog=cv2.imread("/content/gdrive/My Drive/datasets/test/Dog/4.jpg")
cv2_imshow(image_dog)
image_cat=cv2.imread("/content/gdrive/My Drive/datasets/test/Cat/5.jpg")
cv2_imshow(image_cat)

Dog Vs Cat Dataset - Example 1

Preparation of datasets

We generally encountered problems where we try to load a dataset but there is not enough memory in your machine.

Keras provides the ImageDataGenerator class that defines the configuration for image data preparation and augmentation. The generator will progressively load the images in your dataset, allowing you to work with both small and very large datasets containing thousands or millions of images that may not fit into system memory.

In [7]:
train_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(zoom_range=0.15,width_shift_range=0.2,height_shift_range=0.2,shear_range=0.15)
test_datagen = ImageDataGenerator()
In [8]:
train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory("/content/gdrive/My Drive/datasets/train",target_size=(224, 224),batch_size=32,shuffle=True,class_mode='binary')
test_generator = test_datagen.flow_from_directory("/content/gdrive/My Drive/datasets/test",target_size=(224,224),batch_size=32,shuffle=False,class_mode='binary')
Out [8]:
Found 25000 images belonging to 2 classes.
Found 627 images belonging to 2 classes.

VGG16 Architecture Overview

Keras Implementation of VGG16 - Architecture

Keras Implementation of VGG16 - Architecture - 2

    VGG16 Architecture
  • In VGG16 there are thirteen convolutional layers, five Max Pooling layers and three Dense layers which sum up to 21 layers but it has only sixteen weight layers i.e learnable parameters layer.
  • It has convolution layers of 3×3 filter with a stride 1 and always used the same padding and maxpool layer of 2×2 filter of stride 2. It follows this arrangement of convolution and max pool layers consistently throughout the whole architecture.
  • Conv-1 Layer has 64 number of filters ,Conv-2 has 128 filters,Conv-3 has 256 filters,Conv 4 and Conv 5 has 512 filters.
  • Three Fully-Connected (FC) layers follow a stack of convolutional layers: the first two have 4096 channels each, the third performs 1000-way ILSVRC classification and thus contains 1000 channels (one for each class). The final layer is the soft-max layer.
  • The input to Conv 1 layer is of fixed size 224 x 224 RGB image.

VGG16 Keras Implementation Design

Here we have defined a function and have implemented the VGG16 architecture using Keras framework. We have performed some changes in the dense layer. In our model, we have replaced it with our own three dense layers of dimension 256×128 with ReLU activation and finally 1 with sigmoid activation.

In [9]:
def VGG16():
    model = Sequential()
    model.add(Conv2D(input_shape=(224,224,3),filters=64,kernel_size=(3,3),padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=64,kernel_size=(3,3),padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2,2),strides=(2,2)))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=128, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=128, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2,2),strides=(2,2)))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=256, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=256, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=256, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2,2),strides=(2,2)))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2,2),strides=(2,2)))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(Conv2D(filters=512, kernel_size=(3,3), padding="same", activation="relu"))
    model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2,2),strides=(2,2),name='vgg16'))
    model.add(Flatten(name='flatten'))
    model.add(Dense(256, activation='relu', name='fc1'))
    model.add(Dense(128, activation='relu', name='fc2'))
    model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid', name='output'))
    return model
We will now create the model we designed above and look at its summarized details.
In [9]:
model=VGG16()
In [10]:
model.summary()
Out [10]:
Model: "sequential_3"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
conv2d_5 (Conv2D)            (None, 224, 224, 64)      1792      
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_6 (Conv2D)            (None, 224, 224, 64)      36928     
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2 (None, 112, 112, 64)      0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_7 (Conv2D)            (None, 112, 112, 128)     73856     
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_8 (Conv2D)            (None, 112, 112, 128)     147584    
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_2 (MaxPooling2 (None, 56, 56, 128)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_9 (Conv2D)            (None, 56, 56, 256)       295168    
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_10 (Conv2D)           (None, 56, 56, 256)       590080    
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_11 (Conv2D)           (None, 56, 56, 256)       590080    
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_3 (MaxPooling2 (None, 28, 28, 256)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_12 (Conv2D)           (None, 28, 28, 512)       1180160   
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_13 (Conv2D)           (None, 28, 28, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_14 (Conv2D)           (None, 28, 28, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_4 (MaxPooling2 (None, 14, 14, 512)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_15 (Conv2D)           (None, 14, 14, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_16 (Conv2D)           (None, 14, 14, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_17 (Conv2D)           (None, 14, 14, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
vgg16 (MaxPooling2D)         (None, 7, 7, 512)         0         
_________________________________________________________________
flatten (Flatten)            (None, 25088)             0         
_________________________________________________________________
fc1 (Dense)                  (None, 256)               6422784   
_________________________________________________________________
fc2 (Dense)                  (None, 128)               32896     
_________________________________________________________________
output (Dense)               (None, 1)                 129       
=================================================================
Total params: 21,170,497
Trainable params: 21,170,497
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

As we discussed in the above section that we will use Transfer Learning for implementing VGG16 with Keras. So we will reuse the model weights from pre-trained models that were developed for standard computer vision benchmark datasets like ImageNet. We have downloaded pre-trained weights that do not have top layers weights. As you see above we have replaced the last three layers by our own layer and pre-trained weights do not contain the weights of newly three dense layers. So that is why we have to download pre-trained layer without top. (Link to download these weights are given at the bottom of the article)

Since we only have to initialize the weight to the last convolutional that is why we have called model and pass input as model input and output as the last convolutional block

In [11]:
Vgg16 = Model(inputs=model.input, outputs=model.get_layer('vgg16').output)

Now load the weights using the function load_weights of Keras

In [12]:
Vgg16.load_weights("/content/gdrive/My Drive/vgg16_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels_notop.h5")

As we know that initial layers learn very general features and as we go higher up the network, the layers tend to learn patterns more specific to the task it is being trained on. So using these properties of the layer we want to keep the initial layers intact (freeze that layer) and retrain the later layers for our task. This is also termed as finetuning of a network.

The advantage of finetuning is that we do not have to train the entire layer from scratch and hence the amount of data required for training is not much either. Also, parameters that need to be updated are less and hence the amount of time required for training will also be less.

In Keras, each layer has a parameter called “trainable”. For freezing the weights of a particular layer, we should set this parameter to False, indicating that this layer should not be trained. After that, we go over each layer and select which layers we want to train.
In our case, we are freezing all the convolutional block of VGG16

In [13]:
for layer in Vgg16.layers:
    layer.trainable = False

Let us print all the layers in Vgg16 model. As you see here that up to last Maxpooling layer it is False which means that during training the parameters of these layers will not be updated. Whereas the last three layers have trainable parameter sets to true and hence during training the parameter of these layers gets updated.

In [14]:
for layer in model.layers:
    print(layer, layer.trainable)
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d412b00> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d412860> False
<keras.layers.pooling.MaxPooling2D object at 0x7f0c1d3440b8> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d4127f0> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d34ea20> False
<keras.layers.pooling.MaxPooling2D object at 0x7f0c1d364780> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d3659e8> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d371668> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d2b7438> False
<keras.layers.pooling.MaxPooling2D object at 0x7f0c1d2c62e8> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d2cc320> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d2d3c18> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d2e03c8> False
<keras.layers.pooling.MaxPooling2D object at 0x7f0c1d362d68> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d2edcc0> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d27b978> False
<keras.layers.convolutional.Conv2D object at 0x7f0c1d282908> False
<keras.layers.pooling.MaxPooling2D object at 0x7f0c1d28e5f8> False
<keras.layers.core.Flatten object at 0x7f0c1d2966a0> True
<keras.layers.core.Dense object at 0x7f0c1d29e2e8> True
<keras.layers.core.Dense object at 0x7f0c1d29a7f0> True
<keras.layers.core.Dense object at 0x7f0c1d2382b0> True

We then compile the VGG16 using the compile function. This function expects three parameters: the optimizer, the loss function, and the metrics of performance. We are going to use stochastic gradient descent as an optimizer. Also since we are doing binary classification, we use binary_crossentropy as the choice for the loss function.

In [15]:
opt = SGD(lr=1e-4, momentum=0.9)
model.compile(loss="binary_crossentropy", optimizer=opt,metrics=["accuracy"])

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Early Stoping

A basic problem that arises in training a neural network is to decide how many epochs a model should be trained. Too many epochs may lead to overfitting of the model and too few epochs may lead to underfitting of the model.

So to overcome this problem the concept of Early Stoping is used.

In this technique, we can specify an arbitrarily large number of training epochs and stop training once the model performance stops improving on a hold out validation dataset. Keras supports the early stopping of training via a callback called EarlyStopping.

Below are various arguments in EarlyStopping.

  • monitor – This allows us to specify the performance measure to monitor in order to end training.
  • mode – It is used to specify whether the objective of the chosen metric is to increase maximize or to minimize.
  • verbose – To discover the training epoch on which training was stopped, the “verbose” argument can be set to 1. Once stopped, the callback will print the epoch number.
  • patience – The first sign of no further improvement may not be the best time to stop training. This is because the model may coast into a plateau of no improvement or even get slightly worse before getting much better. We can account for this by adding a delay to the trigger in terms of the number of epochs on which we would like to see no improvement. This can be done by setting the “patience” argument.
In [16]:
es=EarlyStopping(monitor='val_accuracy', mode='max', verbose=1, patience=20)

Model Check Point

The EarlyStopping callback will stop training once triggered, but the model at the end of training may not be the model with the best performance on the validation dataset.

An additional callback is required that will save the best model observed during training for later use. This is known as the ModelCheckpoint callback.

The ModelCheckpoint callback is flexible in the way it can be used, but in this case, we will use it only to save the best model observed during training as defined by a chosen performance measure on the validation dataset.

In [17]:
mc = ModelCheckpoint('/content/gdrive/My Drive/best_model.h5', monitor='val_accuracy', mode='max', save_best_only=True)

Training the Model

In [18]:
H = model.fit_generator(train_generator,validation_data=test_generator,epochs=100,verbose=1,callbacks=[mc,es])

Epoch 1/100
785/785 [==============================] - 12804s 16s/step - loss: 0.3009 - accuracy: 0.9312 - val_loss: 1.5539 - val_accuracy: 0.9665
Epoch 2/100
785/785 [==============================] - 473s 602ms/step - loss: 0.1368 - accuracy: 0.9535 - val_loss: 1.5516 - val_accuracy: 0.9617
Epoch 3/100
785/785 [==============================] - 478s 609ms/step - loss: 0.1085 - accuracy: 0.9605 - val_loss: 1.3914 - val_accuracy: 0.9649
Epoch 4/100
785/785 [==============================] - 478s 608ms/step - loss: 0.0911 - accuracy: 0.9657 - val_loss: 1.2942 - val_accuracy: 0.9649
Epoch 5/100
785/785 [==============================] - 482s 614ms/step - loss: 0.0819 - accuracy: 0.9680 - val_loss: 1.4352 - val_accuracy: 0.9665
Epoch 6/100
785/785 [==============================] - 482s 614ms/step - loss: 0.0769 - accuracy: 0.9705 - val_loss: 1.4830 - val_accuracy: 0.9713
Epoch 7/100
785/785 [==============================] - 481s 613ms/step - loss: 0.0697 - accuracy: 0.9735 - val_loss: 1.3736 - val_accuracy: 0.9729
Epoch 8/100
785/785 [==============================] - 481s 613ms/step - loss: 0.0683 - accuracy: 0.9732 - val_loss: 1.1791 - val_accuracy: 0.9713
Epoch 9/100
785/785 [==============================] - 474s 604ms/step - loss: 0.0670 - accuracy: 0.9729 - val_loss: 1.2892 - val_accuracy: 0.9697
Epoch 10/100
785/785 [==============================] - 474s 604ms/step - loss: 0.0640 - accuracy: 0.9747 - val_loss: 1.3537 - val_accuracy: 0.9697
Epoch 11/100
785/785 [==============================] - 479s 610ms/step - loss: 0.0604 - accuracy: 0.9760 - val_loss: 1.2665 - val_accuracy: 0.9713
Epoch 12/100
785/785 [==============================] - 481s 612ms/step - loss: 0.0533 - accuracy: 0.9793 - val_loss: 1.4402 - val_accuracy: 0.9681
Epoch 13/100
785/785 [==============================] - 484s 616ms/step - loss: 0.0519 - accuracy: 0.9796 - val_loss: 1.5992 - val_accuracy: 0.9649
Epoch 14/100
785/785 [==============================] - 482s 614ms/step - loss: 0.0531 - accuracy: 0.9784 - val_loss: 1.4956 - val_accuracy: 0.9713
Epoch 15/100
785/785 [==============================] - 482s 615ms/step - loss: 0.0510 - accuracy: 0.9808 - val_loss: 1.4204 - val_accuracy: 0.9713
Epoch 16/100
785/785 [==============================] - 480s 611ms/step - loss: 0.0461 - accuracy: 0.9822 - val_loss: 1.4864 - val_accuracy: 0.9713
Epoch 17/100
785/785 [==============================] - 479s 610ms/step - loss: 0.0480 - accuracy: 0.9817 - val_loss: 1.5192 - val_accuracy: 0.9681
Epoch 18/100
785/785 [==============================] - 486s 619ms/step - loss: 0.0459 - accuracy: 0.9826 - val_loss: 1.5739 - val_accuracy: 0.9665
Epoch 19/100
785/785 [==============================] - 483s 615ms/step - loss: 0.0420 - accuracy: 0.9848 - val_loss: 1.5148 - val_accuracy: 0.9697
Epoch 20/100
785/785 [==============================] - 481s 613ms/step - loss: 0.0418 - accuracy: 0.9841 - val_loss: 1.5662 - val_accuracy: 0.9665
Epoch 21/100
785/785 [==============================] - 483s 615ms/step - loss: 0.0409 - accuracy: 0.9835 - val_loss: 1.5803 - val_accuracy: 0.9697
Epoch 22/100
785/785 [==============================] - 476s 607ms/step - loss: 0.0403 - accuracy: 0.9836 - val_loss: 1.7516 - val_accuracy: 0.9713
Epoch 23/100
785/785 [==============================] - 477s 608ms/step - loss: 0.0382 - accuracy: 0.9855 - val_loss: 1.7080 - val_accuracy: 0.9697
Epoch 24/100
785/785 [==============================] - 475s 605ms/step - loss: 0.0381 - accuracy: 0.9858 - val_loss: 1.8807 - val_accuracy: 0.9665
Epoch 25/100
785/785 [==============================] - 477s 607ms/step - loss: 0.0359 - accuracy: 0.9866 - val_loss: 1.8747 - val_accuracy: 0.9697
Epoch 26/100
785/785 [==============================] - 484s 616ms/step - loss: 0.0377 - accuracy: 0.9853 - val_loss: 1.7633 - val_accuracy: 0.9697
Epoch 27/100
785/785 [==============================] - 484s 616ms/step - loss: 0.0352 - accuracy: 0.9869 - val_loss: 1.8082 - val_accuracy: 0.9713
Epoch 00027: early stopping
As we can see here that the model training got a an early stopping as per what we had expected. The weights are saved in a file “best_model.h5“. In the future, we are not required to train the model again we can just load the weight into the model with below command.
In [19]:
model.load_weights("/content/gdrive/My Drive/best_model.h5")

Evaluating the model on test datasets

Let us now evaluate the performance of our model on the unseen testing data set. We can see an accuracy of 97%.
In [20]:
model.evaluate_generator(test_generator)
Out[20]:
[1.3736436367034912, 0.9728867411613464]

Serialize the Keras Model

It is the best practice of converting the model into JSON format to save it for the inference program in the future.

In [21]:
model_json = model.to_json()
with open("/content/gdrive/My Drive/model.json","w") as json_file:
  json_file.write(model_json)

Dogs Vs Cat Classification Inference Program

To recap what we have done till now –
  1. We implemented the VGG16 model with Keras.
  2. We saved the best training weights of the model in a file for future use.
  3. We saved the model in JSON format for reusability.
Now it is time to write an inference program that will do the following –
  1. Load the model that we saved in JSON format earlier.
  2. Load the weight that we saved after training the model earlier.
  3. Compile the model.
  4. Load the image that we want to classify.
  5. Perform classification.
For performing these steps we have written a function predict as below.
In [22]:
from keras.models import model_from_json
In [23]:
 def predict_(image_path):
    #Load the Model from Json File
    json_file = open('/content/gdrive/My Drive/model.json', 'r')
    model_json_c = json_file.read()
    json_file.close()
    model_c = model_from_json(model_json_c)
    #Load the weights
    model_c.load_weights("/content/gdrive/My Drive/best_model.h5")
    #Compile the model
    opt = SGD(lr=1e-4, momentum=0.9)
    model_c.compile(loss="categorical_crossentropy", optimizer=opt,metrics=["accuracy"])
    #load the image you want to classify
    image = cv2.imread(image_path)
    image = cv2.resize(image, (224,224))
    cv2_imshow(image)
    #predict the image
    preds = model_c.predict(np.expand_dims(image, axis=0))[0]
    if preds==0:
        print("Predicted Label:Cat")
    else:
        print("Predicted Label: Dog")

Perform Classification

We will now pass some random images from Dog and Cat folder to the predict function and see how our Keras implementation of VGG16 performed.
It can be seen that the prediction label is matching accurately with our VGG16 model.
In [24]:
predict_("/content/gdrive/My Drive/datasets/test/Dog/4.jpg")
Keras Implementation of VGG16 - Prediction 1
In [25]:
predict_("/content/gdrive/My Drive/datasets/test/Cat/10.jpg")

Keras Implementation of VGG16 - Prediction 2

In [26]:
predict_("/content/gdrive/My Drive/datasets/test/Cat/7.jpg")

Keras Implementation of VGG16 - Prediction 3

Conclusion

Coming to the end of a long article, we hope you would now know how to implement VGG16 with Keras. We used Dog vs Cat dataset, but you can use just any dataset for creating your own  VGG16 model with Keras.

Click Here is the link to download the weights

  • Sachin Mohan

    My name is Sachin Mohan, an undergraduate student of Computer Science and Engineering. My area of interest is ‘Artificial intelligence’ specifically Deep learning and Machine learning. I have attended various online and offline courses on Machine learning and Deep Learning from different national and international institutes My interest toward Machine Learning and deep Learning made me intern at ISRO and also I become the 1st Runner up in TCS EngiNX 2019 contest. I always love to share my knowledge and experience and my philosophy toward learning is "Learning by doing". So thats why I believe in education which have include both theoretical as well as practical knowledge.

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